Abstract:
October 2015 marks the 160th anniversary of the birth of Ivan V. Michurin. As a scientist and plant breeder, he made a significant improvement of many varieties of fruit, berry, and flowers. He developed methods of plant breeding, promoted gardening to the north and east of Russia, including Siberia. He introduced some new berry species as Actinidia and black chokeberry and was the first in the country who used dwarf and semi dwarf stocks of apples. Michurin initiated the mass movement of fancier gardeners and horticulture experimenters in USSR who changed and significantly extended the species and geographic ranges of fruit and berry cultivation in Russia. He not only made a vast collection of species and varieties of fruit plants from around the world but also organized their involvement and widespread use in the breeding by hybridization, including interspecific crosses. He created some new artificial interspecific hybrids such as Cerapadus (cherry and bird cherry hybrid), and others. Michurin created 132 cultivars. Eleven of them are not only cultivated but also included in the “National Register of Protected Plant breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation”. Michurin, having lived a long productive life, did not come to the time when he was not only declared “the great nature transformer”, but also “appointed” creator of “Michurin’s theory”, so-called “Creative Darwinism”. However, thirty years later, scientists, though rarely, but still tried to separate his name from Lysenkoism and rehabilitate the scientist.
About The Authors:
N. P. Goncharov. Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Russian Federation
References:
1. Aleksandrov V.Ya. Trudnye gody sovetskoy biologii [The difficult years of Soviet biology]. S-Petersburg, Nauka, 1993.
2. Alikhanyan S.I. Teoreticheskie osnovy ucheniya Michurina o peredelkakh rasteniy [Fundamentals of Michurin teaching about remaking of plants]. Moscow, Nauka, 1966.
3. Bakharev A.N. Zamechatelnaya zhizn i rabota I.V. Michurina, 1855-1935.
4. I.V. Michurin. Itogi shestidesyatiletnikh rabot. [Michurin’s outstanding life and work, 1855-1935. Michurin. Results of work for 60 years.] 4th Ed. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1936. P. XVII-LXIV.
5. Bakharev A.N. I.V. Michurin: Zhizn i deyatelnost [I.V. Michurin: Life and work]. Voronezh: Voronezhskoe oblastnoe knigoizdatelstvo, 1938.
6. Bakharev A.N. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin: Biograficheskiy ocherk. I.V. Michurin. Sochineniya: v 4 tomakh. T. 1: Printsipy i metody raboty. [Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin: Biographical sketch. Michurin I.V. Works in 4 volumes. V. 1: Principles and methods. P. 1-108.] 2nd Ed., Expanded. Moscow, Selkhozgiz. 1948.
7. Bakharev A.N. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin: 1855-1935. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1949.
8. Bakharev A.N. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin: K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1855-1955) [Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin: to the 100th anniversary of his birth (1855-1955)]. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1955a.
9. Bakharev A.N. Michurin — molodezhi [Bakharev A.N. Michirin: an address to the youth]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardia, 1955b.
10. Bakharev A.N. Osnovnye cherty selektsionno-geneticheskoy teorii I.V. Michurina [The main features of I.V. Michurin’ selection and genetic theory]. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1956.
11. Bakharev A.N. Michurin v zhizni [Michurin in person]. 3rd ed. Moscow, Znanie, 1980.
12. Baranov P.A., Lebedev D.V. Forgotten pages of the biography of I.V. Michurin. I.V. Michurin and N.I. Vavilov. Botanicheskiy zhurnal — Botanical Journal (Saint-Petersburg). 1955;40(5):752-757.
13. Berbank L. My ostanavlivaemsya, chtoby oglyanutsya nazad. Izbrannye sochineniya [We stop to look back. Collected papers.] Moscow, Izdatelstvo inostrannoy literatury, 1955.
14. Berdyshev A.P. Andrey Timofeevich Bolotov — vydayushchiysya deyatel nauki i kultury, 1738-1833 [Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, a prominent figure in science and culture, 1738-1833]. Moscow, Nauka, 1988.
15. Berlyand S.S. Plant breeding in Russia (a literature review). Agrobiologia — Agrobiology. 1947;(6):145-156.
16. Bibliografiya trudov I.V. Michurina i literatury o nem [Bibliography of the works of I.V. Michurin and literature about him]. By E.V. Parkhomenko and F.S. Ginsburg. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1958.
17. Custine A.de. Rossiya v 1839 godu [Russia in 1839]. S-Petersburg, Kriga, 2008.
18. Dolgushin D.A. Michurinskie printsipy selektsii i semenovodstva kulturnykh rasteniy [Michurin’s principles of breeding and seed production of cultivated plants]. Moscow, Pravda, 1949.
19. Dubinin N.P. Teoreticheskie osnovy i metody rabot I.V. Michurina [Theoretical bases and methods of I.V. Michurin]. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 1966.
20. Dudolkin Y. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935). Seyateli i khraniteli: ocherki ob izvestnykh agronomakh, pochvovedakh, selektsionerakh, genetikakh, ekonomistakh-agrarnikakh; otryvki iz dokumentov, nauchnykh statey, vospominaniy: v 2 knigakh. Kniga 2. [Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (1855-1935). Sowers and keepers: Essays about famous agronomists, soil scientists, plant breeders, geneticists, agrarian economists; excerpts from documents, scientific articles, memoirs: in 2 books. Book 2.] Moscow, Sovremennik, 1992;161-204. (“Otkrytiya i sud’by” series).
21. Einstein A. Pamyati Marii Kyuri. Fizika i realnost: sbornik statey. [In memory of Mary Curie. Physics and reality: collected articles]. Moscow, Nauka, 1965;116.
22. Elina O.Yu. Mezhdu nauchnoy teoriey i selskokhozyaystvennoy praktikoy. Selektsionery i Lysenko (1948-1955 gg.). Za «Zheleznym zanavesom »: mify i realii sovetskoy nauki. [Between the scientific theory and agricultural practice. Breeders and Lysenko (1948-1955). Behind the «Iron curtain»: the myths and realities of Soviet science.] Eds. M. Heinemann, E.I. Kolchinsky. Saint-Petersburg, K. Bulavin, 2002;376-392.
23. Enikeev H.K. I.V. Michurin, velikiy preobrazovatel prirody (Albom) [I.V. Michurin,
24. the great transformer of nature (Album)]. Moscow, Goskultprosvetizdat, 1948.
25. Goncharov N.P. State organization of agricultural science in Russia (dedicated to the 175th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences). Istoriko-biologicheskie issledovaniya — Studies in the History of Biology. 2012;4(3):10-33.
26. Goncharov N.P., Vishnyakova M.A., Kotelkina I.V., Lassan T.K. Georgiy Dmitrievich Karpechenko [Georgy Dmitrievich Karpechenko.] 3rd Ed., Revised and Expanded. Novosibirsk, Izdatelstvo SO RAN, 2013.
27. Gorbunov N.P. Lenin i nauchno-tekhnicheskaya rabota. Velikiy stroitel. Pamyati V.I. Lenina. [Lenin and scientific and technical work. A great builder. In memory of Lenin.] Moscow, 1924.
28. Gosudarstvennyy reestr okhranyaemykh selektsionnykh dostizheniy, dopushchennykh k ispolzovaniyu. T. 1. Sorta rasteniy. [The state register of protected breeding achievements admitted to use. Vol. 1. Plant cultivars.] Moscow, RF Ministry of Agriculture, 2013.
29. Kalinina I.P. Life and work of Full Member of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Mikhail Afanasievich Lysavenko: to his 110th anniversary . Informatsionnyy vestnik VOGIS — Herald of the Vavilov Society for Geneticists and Breeding Scientists. 2007;11(3/4):622-630.
30. Kashchenko N.F. Sibirskoe sadovodstvo [Siberian horticulture]. Moscow, Izdatelstvo selskokhozyaystvennoy literatury, zhurnalov i plakatov, 1963.
31. Kashina V.I., Kosyakin A.S., Odintsov V.A. Istoriya sadovodstva Rossii [History of gardening in Russia]. Ryazan, Russkoye Slovo, 1999.
32. Kasyanenko A.I. Plodovodstvo na karlikovykh podvoyakh. [Fruit growing on dwarf rootstocks]. Kiev, Gosselkhozgizdat UkSSR, 1963.
33. Kolchinskiy E.I. What ended the attempt to create a «proletarian biology». Vestnik RAN — Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2000;(12):1077-1085
34. Kompaneets M. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin. Uchenye agronomy Rossii: iz istorii agronomicheskoy nauki. Kn. 2 [Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin. Agronomy scientists of Russia: from the history of agricultural science. Book 2.] Moscow, Kolos, 1976.
35. Lubyshev A.A. Znachenie rabot I.V. Michurina dlya nauki (rukopis). [Scientific importance of Michurin’s work (manuscript)]. (Archives of the Sector of Wheat Genetics of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS).
36. Lysenko T.D. Agrobiologiya [Agrobiology] 4th Ed., Expanded. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1948.
37. Michurin I.V. Vyvedenie iz semyan novykh kulturnykh rasteniy plodovykh i kustarnikov
38. [Development of new cultivars of fruit trees and shrubs from seeds]. Moscow, GIZ, 1921.
39. Michurin I.V. Itogi ego deyatelnosti v oblasti gibridizatsii po plodovodstvu. [Michurin I.V. Results of his activities in hybridization of horticultures]. Moscow, Novaya Derevnya, 1924.
40. Michurin I.V. Sochineniya: v 4 tomakh. T. 1: Printsipy i metody raboty. Predislovie T.D. Lysenko, I.I. Prezenta. [Michurin I.V. Works in 4 volumes. V. 1: Principles and methods. Preface by T.D. Lysenko, I.I. Prezent.] 2nd Ed., Expanded. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1948a.
41. Michurin I.V. Sochineniya: v 4 tomakh. T. 2: Pomologicheskie opisaniya. [Michurin
42. I. V. Works in 4 volumes. V. 2: Pomological description.] 2nd Ed., Expanded. Ed. T.D. Lysenko. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1948b.
43. Michurin I.V. Sochineniya: v 4 t. T. 4: Sbornyy. [Works in 4 volumes. V. 4: Prefabricated]. 2nd Ed., Expanded. Ed. T.D. Lysenko. Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1948c.
44. Michurin I.V. Itogi shestidesyatiletnikh rabot. [Results of sixty years of work.] 5th Ed. Moscow, OGIZ-Selkhozgiz, 1949.
45. Michurin Ivan Vladimirovich (1855-1935): opis dokumentalnykh materialov lichnogo fonda № 6856: kraynie daty dok. materialov 1883-1941 gg. [Michurin Ivan Vladimirovich (1855-1935): Inventory of Fund No. 6856 documental materials of 1883-1941.] Moscow, 1952.
46. Michurina M.I. Iz vospominaniy ob ottse: (Period 1885-1896 gg.) [From the memories about father: (1885-1896)]. Tambov, Tambovskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo, 1963;36.
47. Nauchnoe nasledstvo. T. 10. Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov. Iz epistolyarnogo naslediya 1929-1940 gg. [Scientific legacy. V. 10. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. From the epistolary legacy 1929-1940]. Moscow, Nauka, 1987.
48. Roll-Hansen N. The Lysenko effect: the politics of science. Humanity Books (Amherst, NY, USA), 2005.
49. Rudkevich L. Forgotten anniversary: [reprinted from journal Grani. 1985. No. 137]. Rodina. 1993;(3):97-99.
50. Savel’yev N.I. Scientific heritage of Michurin and breeding improvement of fruit crops: (145th anniversary of the birth of the scientist). Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii selskokhozyaystvennykh nauk — Herald of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 2000;(5):14-16.
51. Savel’yev N.I. Vserossiyskiy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut genetiki i selektsii plodovykh rasteniy im. I.V. Michurina (Istoriya stanovleniya ot I.V. Michurina do nashikh dney) [The Michurin All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Fruit Plants (The history from Michurin’s times to the present day)]. Michurinsk, VNIIGSPR, 2005.
52. Sedov E.N., Zhdanov V.V., Sedysheva G.A., Serova Z.M. Michurin Doctrine widely used and developed. Vestnik OrelGAU — The Herald of Orel State Agrarian University. 2006;(1):18-23.
53. Shitt P.G. Ekonomicheskie osnovy i perspektivy razvitiya plodovodstva v SSSR [Economic fundamentals and prospects of development of fruit growing in the USSR]. Moscow, Novyy Agronom, 1928.
54. Shumny V.K. For truth in science. Nauka i Zhizn — Science and life (Moscow). 1987;(12):62-65.
55. Stebut A.I. Mutationism and Darwinism in cultivar business. Zhurnal opytnoy agronomii — Journal of Experimental Agronomy. 1909;10(2):142-190.
56. Tikhonova A.S. Novye sorta ryabiny. Sbornik rabot po voprosam plodovodstva. [New cultivars of mountain ash. Collected works on fruit growing.] Moscow, Selkhozgiz, 1953;193-194.
57. Tsitsin N.V. O formo- i vidoobrazovanii. Gibridy otdalennykh skreshchivaniy i poliploidy. [On morphogenesis and speciation. Distant hybridization of plants.] Moscow, USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1963;5-24.
58. Vasilchenko I.T. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, 1855-1935. Moscow, Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1963.
59. Vavilov N.I. Predislovie. I.V. Michurin. Itogi ego deyatelnosti v oblasti gibridizatsii po plodovodstvu. [Preface. I.V. Michurin. The results of his effort in hybridizing horticultures.] Moskow, Novaya Derevnya, 1924.
60. Vavilov N.I. Geographic patterns in the distribution of the genes of cultivated plants. Priroda. 1927;10:763-774.
61. Vavilov N.I. Velikiy sadovod: k yubileyu Ivana Vladimirovicha Michurina [The great horticulturist: to the anniversary of Michurin]. Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1934. 18 Sept.
62. Vavilov N.I. In memory of Michurin Oct. 14, 1855-June 7, 1935. Priroda. 1935a;1:91-93.
63. Vavilov N.I. Podvig: [pamyati I.V. Michurina]. [Feat: [in memory of Michurin]. Pravda. 1935b. June 8.
64. Vavilov N.I. The way of the Soviet crop science (a response to critics). Sotsrekonstruktsiya selskogo khozyaystva — literally: Social Reconstruction of Agriculture. 1936;(12):33-46.
65. Vavilov N.I. Novaya sistematika kulturnykh rasteniy. N.I. Vavilov. Izbrannye trudy: v 5 tomakh. T. 3: Problemy geografii, filogenii i selektsii pshenitsy i rzhi. Rastitelnye resursy i voprosy sistematiki kulturnykh rasteniy. [New systematics of cultivated plants in: N.I. Vavilov. Selected papers in 5 volumes. Vol. 3: Problems of geography, phylogeny and breeding of wheat and rye. Plant resources and the questions of systematics of cultivated plants.] Moscow; Leningrad, USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, 1962.
66. Vavilov N.I. On the state of research and advanced training of scientific personnel (incomplete text of VIR report at 15th March 1939). Nauka i Zhizn — Science and life (Moscow). 2002;1:45-51.
67. Vekhov N. Professor Artsybashev’s world of floral fantasies. Tsvetovodstvo — literally: Flower Cultivation. 2004;4-6.
68. Vishnyakova M.A., Goncharov N.P.Commemorating the 110th anniversary of Georgyi Dmitrievich Karpechenko (03.05.1899-28.07.1941). Informatsionnyy vestnik VOGIS — Herald of the Vavilov Society for Geneticists and Breeding Scientists. 2009;13(1):7-25.
69. Yakovlev P.N. Transformer of flora (to the 60th anniversary of Michurin’s work). Priroda. 1934; 9:44-55.
70. Yakovlev P.N. Inventarizatsiya rastitelnogo materiala I.V. Michurina (sostavleno po porucheniyu I.V. Michurina). I.V. Michurin. Itogi shestidesyatiletnikh rabot. 1855-1935. [Inventory of Michurin’s plant material (compiled on behalf of I.V. Michurin). I.V. Michurin. The results of sixty years of work. 1855-1935.] 5th Ed. Moscow-Leningrad, OGIZ-Selkhozgiz, 1949;517-625.
